REFERENCES
Bahl, J. J., Matsuda, M., DeFronzo, R. A., & Bressler, R. (1997). In vitro and in vivo suppression of gluconeogenesis by inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase. Biochemical Pharmacology, 53(1), 67-74. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(96)00660-0
Bailey, C.J., & Day, C. (2004). Metformin: Its botanical background. Practical Diabetes, 21(3), 115-117. https://doi.org/10.1002/pdi.606
Baur, J. A., & Birnbaum, M. J. (2014). Control of gluconeogenesis by metformin: Does redox trump energy charge? Cell Metabolism, 20(2), 197-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.013
Burgess, S. C., He, T., Yan, Z., Lindner, J., Sherry, A. D., Malloy, C. R., . . . Magnuson, M. A.(2007). Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase does not solely control the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the intact mouse liver. Cell Metabolism, 5(4), 313-320.doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.03.004
Chakravarty, K., & Hanson, R. W. (2007). Insulin regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase?C gene transcription: The role of sterol regulatory Element?Binding protein 1C.?Nutrition Reviews,?65(6 Pt 2), S56. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00328.x
Chaambra, N. (2015, September 18). Hypoglycemia due to biotin deficiency? [Blog post]. Retrieved from Clinical Cases Biochemistry for Medics website:
https://www.google.com/url?q=http://usmle.biochemistryformedics.com/ hypoglycemia-due-to-biotin-deficiency/&sa=D&ust=1500686952926000&usg=AFQjCNFtvc_Lep96_qvbYExU0HslrMOkdA
Duggleby, R. G., Attwood, P. V., Wallace, J. C., & Keech, D. B. (1982). Avidin is a slow binding inhibitor of pyruvate carboxylase. Biochemistry, 21(14), 3364-3370. doi:10.1021/bi00257a018
Duong, J. K., Furlong, T. J., Roberts, D. M., Graham, G. G., Greenfield, J. R., Williams, K.M., & Day, R. O. (2013). The role of metformin in metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA): Case series and formulation of a model of pathogenesis. Drug Safety, 36(9), 733-746. doi:10.1007/s40264-013-0038-6
Fell, D. (1997). Understanding the control of metabolism. Miami; London; Brookfield, VT: Portland Press. Retrieved fromu202fhttps://wp.nyu.edu/biochemistryshowcase/wp-content/uploads/sites/37/2014/01/biochemJ-Fell-1992-MCA.pdf
George, M. M., & Copeland, K. C. (2013). Current Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth: Today’s Realities and Lessons from the TODAY Study. Current Diabetes Reports, 13(1), 72–80. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-012-0334-z
Hanson, R. W., & Garber, A. J. (1972). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. I. its role in gluconeogenesis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 25(10), 1010. Retrieved from http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/25/10/1010.short
Hardie, D. Grahame. (2014). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In AccessScience. McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.900196
He, Y. L., Sabo, R., Picard, F., Wang, Y. B., Herron, J., Ligueros-Saylan, M., & Dole, W. P. (2009). Study of the pharmacokinetic interaction of vildagliptin and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 25(5), 1265-1272. doi:10.1185/03007990902869102
He, L., & Wondisford, F. E. (2015). Metformin action: Concentrations matter. Cell Metabolism, 21(2), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.01.003
Hundal, R. S., Krssak, M., Dufour, S., Laurent, D., Lebon, V., Chandramouli, V., . . .Shulman, G. I. (2000). Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 49(12), 2063-2069. doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.12.2063
Illustrated glossary of organic chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2017, from UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry website: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/
IGOC/M/molar_attenuation_coefficient.html
Insulin. (2004). In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (3rd ed., Vol. 3, p. 2147). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=uncol&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3418501230&sid=summon&asid=9d139c544a340f0bd948280343672b57
Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., . . . Matthews, D. R. (2012). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A patient-centered approach. Diabetes Care, 35(6), 1364-1379. doi:10.2337/dc12-0413
Ip, W., Shao, W., Chiang, Y.-T. A., & Jin, T. (2012). Wnt signaling and transcription factor 7-like 2 mediate the effect of insulin in repressing hepatic gluconeogenesis. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 36(5), S19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2012.07.078
Ismail, T. A., Soliman, M. M., & Nassan, M. A. (2015). Molecular and immunohistochemical effects of metformin in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 9(5), 1921-1930. doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2354
Jin, H., Hong, S., Choi, M., Maeng, H., Kim, D., Chung, S., & Shim, C. (2009). Reduced antidiabetic effect of metformin and down-regulation of hepatic Oct1 in rats with ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis. Pharmaceutical Research, 26(3), 549-559. doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9770-5
Jitrapakdee, S., St Maurice, M., Rayment, I., Cleland, W. W., Wallace, J. C., & Attwood, P. V. (2008). Structure, mechanism and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase. Biochemical Journal, 413(3), 369-387. doi:10.1042/BJ20080709
Kennedy, M. N. (n.d.). What is type 2 diabetes? Retrieved July 3, 2017, from Diabetes Education Online website: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/what-is-type-2-diabetes/
Kumashiro, N., Beddow, S. A., Vatner, D. F., Majumdar, S. K., Cantley, J. L., Guebre-Egziabher, F., . . . Samuel, V. T. (2013). Targeting pyruvate carboxylase reduces gluconeogenesis and adiposity and improves insulin resistance. Diabetes, 62(7), 2183-2194. doi:10.2337/db12-1311
Lee, P., Leong, W., Tan, T., Lim, M., Han, W., & Radda, G. K. (2013). In vivo hyperpolarized carbon 13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals increased pyruvate carboxylase flux in an insulin?resistant mouse model. Hepatology, 57(2), 515-524. doi:10.1002/hep.26028
Long-term trends in diabetes [Pamphlet]. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/slides/long_term_trends.pdf
Madiraju, A. K., Erion, D. M., Rahimi, Y., Zhang, X.-M., & Braddock, D. T. (2014). Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial
glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature, 510(7506), 542-546. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nature13270
Metformin [Fact sheet]. (n.d.). Retrieved from Pub Chem Open Chemistry Database.
Mráček, T., Drahota, Z., & Houštěk, J. (2013). The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 1827(3), 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014
Poverty rates for selected detailed race and hispanic groups by state and place: 2007–2011. (2013). American Community Survey Briefs, (11-17), 1-20. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acsbr11-17.pdf
Ravi, K. (2015, May 30). Gluconeogenesis for medical school [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved July 3, 2017, from SlideShare website: http://www.slideshare.net /ravikiran35977897/gluconeogenesis-for-medical-school
Rognstad, R. (1979). Rate-limiting steps in metabolic pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254(6), 1875. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/422559
Spanakis, E. K., & Golden, S. H. (2013). Race/ethnic difference in diabetes and diabetic complications. Current Diabetes Reports, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0421-9
Stumvoll, M., Nurjhan, N., Perriello, G., Dailey, G., & Gerich, J. E. (1995). Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.?The New England Journal of Medicine,?333(9), 550-554. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508313330903
Stumvoll, M., Häring, H.-U., & Matthaei, S. (2007). Metformin. Endocrine Research, 32(1-2), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/07435800701743828
Sugden, M. C., & Holness, M. J. (2011). The pyruvate carboxylase-pyruvate dehydrogenase axis in islet pyruvate metabolism: Going round in circles? Islets, 3(6), 302-319. doi:10.4161/isl.3.6.17806
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. (2016). Diabetes drug metformin holds promise for cancer treatment and prevention: Results show survival benefit for some breast cancer patients and potential treatment option for patients with endometrial hyperplasia. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160604051019.htm
Veneziale, C. M., Donofrio, J. C., & Nishimura, H. (1983). The concentration of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase protein in murine tissues in diabetes of chemical and genetic origin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 258(23), 14257. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6643479
Warren, G. B., & Tipton, K. F. (1974). Pig liver pyruvate carboxylase. purification, properties and cation specificity. The Biochemical Journal, 139(2), 297-310. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1166285/?tool=pmcentrez
Weir, G. C., & Bonner-Weir, S. (2004). Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes. Diabetes, 53(3), S21. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.suppl_3.S16
What is diabetes? (2016, November). Retrieved July 3, 2017, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes
What is type 1 diabetes? (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2017, from Joslin Diabetes
Center website: http://www.joslin.org/info/what_is_type_1_diabetes.html
Bailey, C.J., & Day, C. (2004). Metformin: Its botanical background. Practical Diabetes, 21(3), 115-117. https://doi.org/10.1002/pdi.606
Baur, J. A., & Birnbaum, M. J. (2014). Control of gluconeogenesis by metformin: Does redox trump energy charge? Cell Metabolism, 20(2), 197-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.013
Burgess, S. C., He, T., Yan, Z., Lindner, J., Sherry, A. D., Malloy, C. R., . . . Magnuson, M. A.(2007). Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase does not solely control the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the intact mouse liver. Cell Metabolism, 5(4), 313-320.doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.03.004
Chakravarty, K., & Hanson, R. W. (2007). Insulin regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase?C gene transcription: The role of sterol regulatory Element?Binding protein 1C.?Nutrition Reviews,?65(6 Pt 2), S56. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00328.x
Chaambra, N. (2015, September 18). Hypoglycemia due to biotin deficiency? [Blog post]. Retrieved from Clinical Cases Biochemistry for Medics website:
https://www.google.com/url?q=http://usmle.biochemistryformedics.com/ hypoglycemia-due-to-biotin-deficiency/&sa=D&ust=1500686952926000&usg=AFQjCNFtvc_Lep96_qvbYExU0HslrMOkdA
Duggleby, R. G., Attwood, P. V., Wallace, J. C., & Keech, D. B. (1982). Avidin is a slow binding inhibitor of pyruvate carboxylase. Biochemistry, 21(14), 3364-3370. doi:10.1021/bi00257a018
Duong, J. K., Furlong, T. J., Roberts, D. M., Graham, G. G., Greenfield, J. R., Williams, K.M., & Day, R. O. (2013). The role of metformin in metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA): Case series and formulation of a model of pathogenesis. Drug Safety, 36(9), 733-746. doi:10.1007/s40264-013-0038-6
Fell, D. (1997). Understanding the control of metabolism. Miami; London; Brookfield, VT: Portland Press. Retrieved fromu202fhttps://wp.nyu.edu/biochemistryshowcase/wp-content/uploads/sites/37/2014/01/biochemJ-Fell-1992-MCA.pdf
George, M. M., & Copeland, K. C. (2013). Current Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth: Today’s Realities and Lessons from the TODAY Study. Current Diabetes Reports, 13(1), 72–80. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-012-0334-z
Hanson, R. W., & Garber, A. J. (1972). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. I. its role in gluconeogenesis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 25(10), 1010. Retrieved from http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/25/10/1010.short
Hardie, D. Grahame. (2014). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In AccessScience. McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.900196
He, Y. L., Sabo, R., Picard, F., Wang, Y. B., Herron, J., Ligueros-Saylan, M., & Dole, W. P. (2009). Study of the pharmacokinetic interaction of vildagliptin and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 25(5), 1265-1272. doi:10.1185/03007990902869102
He, L., & Wondisford, F. E. (2015). Metformin action: Concentrations matter. Cell Metabolism, 21(2), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.01.003
Hundal, R. S., Krssak, M., Dufour, S., Laurent, D., Lebon, V., Chandramouli, V., . . .Shulman, G. I. (2000). Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 49(12), 2063-2069. doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.12.2063
Illustrated glossary of organic chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2017, from UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry website: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/
IGOC/M/molar_attenuation_coefficient.html
Insulin. (2004). In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (3rd ed., Vol. 3, p. 2147). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=uncol&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3418501230&sid=summon&asid=9d139c544a340f0bd948280343672b57
Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., . . . Matthews, D. R. (2012). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A patient-centered approach. Diabetes Care, 35(6), 1364-1379. doi:10.2337/dc12-0413
Ip, W., Shao, W., Chiang, Y.-T. A., & Jin, T. (2012). Wnt signaling and transcription factor 7-like 2 mediate the effect of insulin in repressing hepatic gluconeogenesis. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 36(5), S19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2012.07.078
Ismail, T. A., Soliman, M. M., & Nassan, M. A. (2015). Molecular and immunohistochemical effects of metformin in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 9(5), 1921-1930. doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2354
Jin, H., Hong, S., Choi, M., Maeng, H., Kim, D., Chung, S., & Shim, C. (2009). Reduced antidiabetic effect of metformin and down-regulation of hepatic Oct1 in rats with ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis. Pharmaceutical Research, 26(3), 549-559. doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9770-5
Jitrapakdee, S., St Maurice, M., Rayment, I., Cleland, W. W., Wallace, J. C., & Attwood, P. V. (2008). Structure, mechanism and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase. Biochemical Journal, 413(3), 369-387. doi:10.1042/BJ20080709
Kennedy, M. N. (n.d.). What is type 2 diabetes? Retrieved July 3, 2017, from Diabetes Education Online website: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/what-is-type-2-diabetes/
Kumashiro, N., Beddow, S. A., Vatner, D. F., Majumdar, S. K., Cantley, J. L., Guebre-Egziabher, F., . . . Samuel, V. T. (2013). Targeting pyruvate carboxylase reduces gluconeogenesis and adiposity and improves insulin resistance. Diabetes, 62(7), 2183-2194. doi:10.2337/db12-1311
Lee, P., Leong, W., Tan, T., Lim, M., Han, W., & Radda, G. K. (2013). In vivo hyperpolarized carbon 13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals increased pyruvate carboxylase flux in an insulin?resistant mouse model. Hepatology, 57(2), 515-524. doi:10.1002/hep.26028
Long-term trends in diabetes [Pamphlet]. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/slides/long_term_trends.pdf
Madiraju, A. K., Erion, D. M., Rahimi, Y., Zhang, X.-M., & Braddock, D. T. (2014). Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial
glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature, 510(7506), 542-546. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nature13270
Metformin [Fact sheet]. (n.d.). Retrieved from Pub Chem Open Chemistry Database.
Mráček, T., Drahota, Z., & Houštěk, J. (2013). The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 1827(3), 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014
Poverty rates for selected detailed race and hispanic groups by state and place: 2007–2011. (2013). American Community Survey Briefs, (11-17), 1-20. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acsbr11-17.pdf
Ravi, K. (2015, May 30). Gluconeogenesis for medical school [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved July 3, 2017, from SlideShare website: http://www.slideshare.net /ravikiran35977897/gluconeogenesis-for-medical-school
Rognstad, R. (1979). Rate-limiting steps in metabolic pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254(6), 1875. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/422559
Spanakis, E. K., & Golden, S. H. (2013). Race/ethnic difference in diabetes and diabetic complications. Current Diabetes Reports, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0421-9
Stumvoll, M., Nurjhan, N., Perriello, G., Dailey, G., & Gerich, J. E. (1995). Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.?The New England Journal of Medicine,?333(9), 550-554. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508313330903
Stumvoll, M., Häring, H.-U., & Matthaei, S. (2007). Metformin. Endocrine Research, 32(1-2), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/07435800701743828
Sugden, M. C., & Holness, M. J. (2011). The pyruvate carboxylase-pyruvate dehydrogenase axis in islet pyruvate metabolism: Going round in circles? Islets, 3(6), 302-319. doi:10.4161/isl.3.6.17806
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. (2016). Diabetes drug metformin holds promise for cancer treatment and prevention: Results show survival benefit for some breast cancer patients and potential treatment option for patients with endometrial hyperplasia. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160604051019.htm
Veneziale, C. M., Donofrio, J. C., & Nishimura, H. (1983). The concentration of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase protein in murine tissues in diabetes of chemical and genetic origin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 258(23), 14257. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6643479
Warren, G. B., & Tipton, K. F. (1974). Pig liver pyruvate carboxylase. purification, properties and cation specificity. The Biochemical Journal, 139(2), 297-310. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1166285/?tool=pmcentrez
Weir, G. C., & Bonner-Weir, S. (2004). Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes. Diabetes, 53(3), S21. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.suppl_3.S16
What is diabetes? (2016, November). Retrieved July 3, 2017, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes
What is type 1 diabetes? (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2017, from Joslin Diabetes
Center website: http://www.joslin.org/info/what_is_type_1_diabetes.html